Study reveals impact of outsiders on Inari Sámi livelihoods and language in Finland

The arrival of Finns, other Sámi groups, and state institutions in the area of the Inari Sámi has negatively impacted the community’s traditional livelihoods and the status of their language, according to a recent study by researcher Kaisu Nikula, which supports the work of the Sámi Truth and Reconciliation Commission. However, efforts since the 1990s to revitalize the Inari Sámi language have helped preserve it, and the Inari Sámi have benefited from the general resurgence of Sámi culture.

The study titled “The Inari Sámi and the Vitality of Inari Sámi Culture” compiles scattered information from literature and other sources regarding the history, culture, and traditions of the Inari Sámi. It explores their history from early settlement to the present day, examining aspects such as clan structure, traditional livelihoods, food, folklore, and language. The Inari Sámi are recognized as a distinct Sámi group in Finland with their own language and traditional culture, being among the first known inhabitants of the Inari Lake area.

The report analyzes events that have historically affected the cultural vitality of the Inari Sámi. Nikula highlights two significant events in the 20th century that weakened their fishing livelihood: the regulation of Inari and Rahajärvi lakes starting in the 1940s and the commercial fishing of vendace in the 1990s. The status of the Inari Sámi language in schools has also been weak and marginalized until recent decades.

The report reflects on the role of the Inari Sámi in Sámi politics and the status of descendants who fall outside the Sámi definition. Nikula suggests exploring the possibility of reforming the Sámi Parliament’s electoral commission to include self-approval from Finland’s three Sámi groups.

To secure the position and vitality of the Inari Sámi, the researcher proposes supportive measures and topics for further research. While the community has actively worked towards cultural revitalization, it also requires external support. The report notes recent improvements in Inari Sámi cultural vitality stem from the community’s own initiatives and increased awareness of Sámi issues at large.

This study is one of four independent reports prepared for the Sámi Truth and Reconciliation Commission, established by the Finnish government, which will continue its work until the end of 2025. The commission plans to publish several reports and articles before its final report, due by the end of November 2025.